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View all mammal worksheets. View all marine life worksheets. View all insect worksheets. View all Bird worksheets. View all natural world worksheets. Academics usually exclude mounds less than 3 metres 9. In England and Wales, only 7 percent of mottes were taller than 10 metres 33 feet high; 24 percent were between 10 and 5 metres 33 and 16 ft , and 69 percent were less than 5 metres 16 feet tall. A motte was protected by a ditch around it, which would typically have also been a source of the earth and soil for constructing the mound itself.
A keep and a protective wall would usually be built on top of the motte. Some walls would be large enough to have a wall-walk around them, and the outer walls of the motte and the wall-walk could be strengthened by filling in the gap between the wooden walls with earth and stones, allowing it to carry more weight; this was called a garillum.
Smaller mottes could only support simple towers with room for a few soldiers, whilst larger mottes could be equipped with a much grander building. The early 12th-century chronicler Lambert described the wooden keep on top of the motte at the castle of Ardres in northern France, where the:. Wooden structures on mottes could be protected by skins and hides to prevent them being easily set alight during a siege. The bailey was an enclosed courtyard overlooked by the motte and surrounded by a wooden fence called a palisade and another ditch.
The bailey was often kidney-shaped to fit against a circular motte, but could be made in other shapes according to the terrain. The bailey was linked to the motte either by a flying bridge stretching between the two, or, more popularly in England, by steps cut into the motte.
Typically the ditch of the motte and the bailey joined, forming a figure of eight around the castle. Wherever possible, nearby streams and rivers would be dammed or diverted, creating water-filled moats, artificial lakes and other forms of water defences. In practice, there was a wide number of variations to this common design. A castle could have more than one bailey: at Warkworth Castle an inner and an outer bailey was constructed, or alternatively, several baileys could flank the motte, as at Windsor Castle.
Some baileys had two mottes, such as those at Lincoln. Some mottes could be square instead of round, such as at Cabal Trump. Instead of single ditches, occasionally double-ditch defences were built, as seen at Berkhamsted. Local geography and the intent of the builder produced many unique designs. Various methods were used to build mottes. Where a natural hill could be used, scarping could produce a motte without the need to create an artificial mound, but more commonly much of the motte would have to be constructed by hand.
Four methods existed for building a mound and a tower: the mound could either be built first, and a tower placed on top of it; the tower could alternatively be built on the original ground surface and then buried within the mound; the tower could potentially be built on the original ground surface and then partially buried within the mound, the buried part forming a cellar beneath; or the tower could be built first, and the mound added later.
Regardless of the sequencing, artificial mottes had to be built by piling up earth; this work was undertaken by hand, using wooden shovels and hand-barrows, possibly with picks as well in the later periods.
Larger mottes took disproportionately more effort to build than their smaller equivalents, because of the volumes of earth involved. The largest mottes in England, such as Thetford, are estimated to have required up to 24, man-days of work; smaller ones required perhaps as little as 1, Some contemporary accounts talk of some mottes being built in a matter of days, although these low figures have led to suggestions by historians that either these figures were an underestimate, or that they refer to the construction of a smaller designs than that later visible on the sites concerned.
Taking into account estimates of the likely available manpower during the period, historians estimate that the larger mottes might have taken between four and nine months to build. This contrasted favourably with stone keeps of the period, which typically took up to ten years to build. Very little skilled labour was required to build motte and bailey castles, which made them very attractive propositions if forced peasant labour was available, as was the case after the Norman invasion of England.
Where the local workforce had to be paid the costs would rise quickly. Motte and Bailey castles were an attractive design for many reasons.
They could be built extremely quickly, and only needed basic materials for their construction such as earth, and wood. This meant that they were very cheap to make. Despite being a little rough and ready, they still had excellent defensive capabilities. For these reasons, the Normans were huge advocates of Motte and Bailey castles designs. This is why you can still see so many Motte and Bailey mounds scattered around England and Wales!
In addition, many of the most impressive castles which remain to today were originally built on Motte and Bailey foundations. Buildings or even small villages!
Castle Keeps were built in many different designs. Commonly, timber was used to build towers, which could be used to shoot arrows at intruders.
Where time and money allowed, stone buildings were built over pre-existing wooden towers. These stone buildings offered much greater protection and defensive capability — albeit it at significant cost and effort. Of course, no two Motte and Baileys were exactly the same — although they all had those three elements in common.
Some Motte and Bailey castles, such as Ellesmere in Shropshire, UK, had three different Baileys which nestled against each other, on top of one huge Motte. Fundamentally, the design of each castle adapted to its natural surroundings. Often, the Motte and Bailey castles in the most desirable locations — including Windsor Castle, in the UK — were developed into huge stone fortresses. The castles in less auspicious locations fell to eventual ruin — and the wooden keeps just rotted away.
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